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Date: Sun, 04 Nov 2001 12:44:19 -0000
To: agathiyar@yahoogroups.com
Subject: sItA
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sItA "a furrow or track of a ploughshare"
-----------------------------------------
Monier-Williams lists a variant zItA 'furrow' for
sItA. Also, the M-W. dictionary
connects sIrA 'plough' with sItA/zItA.
DED 2313 lists tamil Er 'plough, plough and
team of oxen, yoke of oxen', cEr id. (Jaffna),
Telugu Eru, Gondi sEr 'plough', Kui sEru
'a yoke of oxen', Kuwi hErU plough.
Tamil scholars like VaiyApuri Pillai
(Editor of Madras Univ. Tamil lexicon
in 7 volumes in 1930s, a classic)
connect "Er" ('plough') with skt. sIra 'plough'.
Sangam texts mention "Er". T. Burrow also
uses the same idea in BSOAS 12 (p. 141
and fn. 1, 395).
The sanskrit sIra and jaffna cEr "plough", Tamilnadu Er, kannada
Eru, etc., is related with "cAl" = furrow (cAl is pronounced as
sAl by most tamils). This cEr 'plough' and cAl 'furrow'
has -E-/-A- alternations (see another example in Note I.b).
Consider DED 1351 Tamil kIL (kILv-, kINT-)
'to rend, to tear, to split'. Kannada sIL, sILu,
'to split, to divide, to be rent', TuLu cILu
'a split, splinter'; sILu 'split, crack, be divided',
DED 1352 Tam. kIRu 'to scratch, to draw lines',
Kannada gIRu 'to scratch, the scrape, to draw lines',
gITu 'to scratch', Telugu gIta 'line', gITu 'line, scratch'
etc., Telugu gITu/gIta should be compared with
tamil kITam 'a worm, a drill, a beetle that makes an
earthen house'.
This dravidian kIL-/kIT- "to scratch, to split, to draw a
line" is most probably connected with zIta 'plough'.
-T-/-t- changes exist within Tamil:
a) paTalai = patalai = 'small drum' (sangam texts),
b) kaTavu 'entrance' and katavu 'door'.
c) yATu = goat, sheep, yATavar 'shepherd'
and because intervocalical -T- is pronounced
-D- in Tamil, D. McAlpin connects tamil yATavan
with skt. yAdava. We can see -T-/-t- even
in kIL-/kIT-, telugu has gIta 'line' (DED 1352).
M. Witzel, Substrate languages in OIA, EJVS, 1999, p. 30
"This is the opportune moment to briefly discuss another
northwestern peculiarity, the interchange of k/z in Vedic.
This has occasionally been observed, even one hundred years
ago in the case of KarkoTa/ZarkoTa, but it has not been put
into proper relief (Kuiper 1991: 41,42,44 as Proto-Munda,
cf. KEWA III 309, Witzel 1999). The interchange of k and z
is not related at all to the well-known Indo-Ir. dvelopment
of IE *k > Ved. z, as the present variation occurs only in
'foreign' words. [...] In consequence, Vedic loan words
with the interchange of z/k may go back to a phoneme K'
with realization close to [k'] or [z] in the Indus language."
If true, can dravidian kIL-/kIT- 'to scratch, to split,
to draw a line' > skt. zItA 'line from a plough'? Later zItA would be
written as sItA. Also, kIL- > sIra, like kALi/kAri 'black goddess',
kuLam/kuram 'hoof', nALAyana/nArAyana 'black god'. There is no
certain IE derivation for zItA/sItA.
Another sanskrit word closely related: sImA 'parting of hair,
bpundary'. From the same dravidian roots for cEr (pronounced sEr)
'plough', cAl 'furrow', etc., Tamil has cImai 'a bounded area'
such as civakaGkai-c-cImai, telugu cognate sIma as in "rAyala-sIma'.
Consider also cIv- (pronounced sIvu) = to comb hair, to pare off,
cIval = parings (of areca nut etc.), shavings, cIppu (pronounced
sIppu) = comb.
Regards,
N. Ganesan
Note I:
--------
Many Sanskrit words starting with z- seem to
have k- equivalents in tamil. My hunch is for many
important word-initial z- words in Sanskrit, Dravidian
roots exist. If pursued by Dravidologists and Sanskritists,
the k-/z- alteration will yield important results.
[I.a] karkoTa/zarkoTa
----------------------
Using k-/z- changes, karkoTa/zarkoTa 'gem-giver',
can be explained from dravidian legends, and nAgams
are known as maNimat in the MahabhArata.
Sangam texts have many myths telling that snakes
when old give out gems in the night. NaagamaNi
is a common name throughout the South.
karkoTaka
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/CTamil/message/165
maNimat
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/CTamil/message/167
[I.b] zAkya clan, zaikya (steel) and tamil cEku, eHku 'steel'
--------------------------------------------------------------
-E-/-A- alterations like in cEr/cAl can be
seen in between tamil cEku and zAkya (skt.).
Pl. see
http://listserv.liv.ac.uk/cgi-shl/WA.EXE?A2=ind0009&L=indology&P=16985
http://listserv.liv.ac.uk/cgi-shl/WA.EXE?A2=ind0010&L=indology&P=19312
Cross-cousin weddings, usually encountered in Dravidian kinship,
is found in Buddha's family. Much like SubhadrA (Krishna's sister)'s
marriage to Arjuna. KuntI, Arjuna's mother is SubhadrA's father's sister.
Of course the Srivaishnava Alvar poetry, tamil Mahabharatams say
many times Krishna is Panadavas' bro-in-law (maittun2an2).
A. M. Hocart's article on cross-cousin weddings in Buddha clan
in Indian Antiquary, 1923-25:
http://pears2.lib.ohio-state.edu/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/hocbud.htm
Also, M. B. Emeneau, Was there cross-cousin marriage among the Saakyas?
Jl. American Oriental society, 59, p. 220-226, 1939.
[I.c] ziva, zimIdin, zibi
---------------------------
1) ziva (23 Dec 1999) < *kiva < drav. kema(=good/auspicious/red)
http://listserv.liv.ac.uk/cgi-shl/WA.EXE?A2=ind9912&L=indology&P=R11011
2) zimIdin, ziva, zibi (30 Dec 1999)
http://listserv.liv.ac.uk/cgi-shl/WA.EXE?A2=ind9912&L=indology&P=R13503
